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FIG. 1. Dose-response curves comparing the susceptibilities of SIVmac239 to indinavir s, saquinavir , and ritonavir OE in three different assays. A ; Susceptibility of SIV in HeLa cells determined by the FIA. B ; Susceptibility of SIV in CEMx174 cells determined by p27 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C ; Susceptibility of SIV in PBMC determined by p27 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The values are means of at least three experiments standard deviations ; . EC50 values were determined from the best-fit line of the linear portion of the graph. Data were plotted as percentages of control no drug ; versus inhibitor concentration. Before taking fluvastatin, talk to your doctor if you are using any of the following drugs: stomach acid reducers such as cimetidine tagamet ; , ranitidine zantac ; , or omeprazole prilosec cyclosporine sandimmune, neoral, gengraf danazol danocrine diclofenac cataflam, voltaren ; gemfibrozil lopid ; , clofibrate atromid-s ; , or fenofibrate tricor glyburide glibenclamide, diabeta, micronase amiodarone cordarone ; , diltiazem cartia, cardizem, dilacor, tiazac ; , or verapamil verelan, calan, isoptin niacin nicolar, nicobid, slo-niacin, others erythromycin e-mycin, ery-tab, others ; , clarithromycin biaxin ; , or telithromycin ketek cholestyramine questran ; or colestipol colestid an antifungal medication such as itraconazole sporanox ; , fluconazole diflucan ; , or ketoconazole nizoral nefazodone serzone phenytoin dilantin rifampin rifadin, rifater, rifamate, rimactane a blood thinner such as warfarin coumadin or hiv or aids medication such as amprenavir agenerase ; , indinavir crixivan ; , nelfinavir viracept ; , ritonavir norvir ; , lopinavir-ritonavir kaletra ; , or saquinavir invirase, fortovase.

Once in the colon, C difficile, its growth unchecked by normal flora or stomach acid, produces 2 toxins: an enterotoxin toxin A ; and a more potent cytotoxin toxin B ; .10, 11 Toxin A activates macrophages and mast cells, 11 which release inflammatory mediators. The mediators cause disruption of the cell wall junction, resulting in increased permeability of the intestinal wall and subsequent diarrhea.5, 11 Meanwhile, toxin B causes degradation of epithelial cells in the colon.5 As the colitis worsens, purulent and necrotic debris accumulates and forms characteristic ulcers, the pseudomembranes11 see Figure. Predominating over that of MRP1 in limiting maternal-to-fetal transfer. Antipyrine diffuses rapidly across the placenta, and its transfer is flow sensitive 33 ; . For these reasons, it was chosen as the marker of passive diffusion in the present study 8 ; . In contrast to both indinavir and vinblastine, there was no significant difference between the maternal-to-fetal and fetal-to-maternal transfer clearances of antipyrine, verifying that the placental transfer of antipyrine occurs exclusively by passive diffusion in both directions. In addition, the antipyrine clearance observed in this study was similar to values reported previously 8 ; . The role of P-gp in the placental transfer of PIs has been investigated by using the in vivo mouse model. Maternal-tofetal transfer of saquinavir was sevenfold higher in P-gp knockout mice than in wild-type mice. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of P-gp in wild-type mice was shown to increase the placental transfer of saquinavir to values similar to those observed in P-gp knockout mice 34 ; . This indicates that placental P-gp limits fetal exposure to saquinavir, and possibly other PIs, in mice. Evidence from the present study, conducted with intact human placentae, and from cultured placenta cells 36 ; suggests that placental P-gp in humans has a similar role in retarding PI transfer from mother to fetus. Thus, the action of placental P-gp may create the fetus as a pharmacological sanctuary to which xenobiotics, including PIs, have limited access 15 ; . Amazingly, the transfer clearance index for indinavir in the maternal-to-fetal direction in the present study was identical to that reported for amprenavir 0.39 0.09 ; 4 ; . Both of these studies were conducted using a perfusate without added proteins. In contrast, in studies involving ritonavir 6 ; and saquinavir 11 ; in the presence of human serum albumin in the perfusate, the clearance indices in the maternal-to-fetal direction were substantially lower 0.05 for saquinavir and 0.09 0.05 for ritonavir ; . Saquinavir and ritonavir are both highly protein bound 98% ; 25 ; , and the lower maternal-to-fetal clearance indices for these drugs may result from protein binding in the maternal perfusate. Unfortunately, in the studies with ritonavir 6 ; , saquinavir 11 ; , and amprenavir 4 ; , the transfer in the fetal-to-maternal direction was not determined. Therefore, it is not possible to conclude whether the lower maternal-to-fetal clearance indices for ritonavir and saquinavir, relative to those for amprenavir and indinavir, result from greater affinity for placental transport systems pumping the compounds in the fetal-to-maternal direction e.g., via P-gp ; or from binding of these PIs to protein added to the perfusate. There is only a limited amount of information on the placental transfer of PIs in vivo. The concentrations of PIs in umbilical cord plasma or serum at the time of delivery for women receiving these drugs have been reported to be very low 21, 23 ; , and the ratio of concentrations in umbilical cord plasma to those in matched maternal plasma is also low 21 ; . The authors concluded that the extensive protein binding and relatively high molecular weight of the PIs limited their placental transfer 21, 23 ; . Marzolini et al. also implicated placental P-gp as a possible contributor to the low maternal-tofetal placental transfer 21 however, they did not provide evidence to support this suggestion. Taken together, the low maternal-to-fetal transfer clearance indices in perfused placentae for indinavir in this study, and reported for other PIs 4, 6!


Analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. N. Engl. J. Med. 337: 725733. Medical Economics Company, Inc. 1998. PDR generics, 4th ed. Medical Economics Company, Inc., Montvale, N.J. Murphy, R. L., J. P. Sommadossi, M. Lamson, D. B. Hall, M. Myers, and A. Dusek. 1999. Antiviral effect and pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and indinavir in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Infect. Dis. 179: 11161123. Reynolds, F., P. N. Ziroyanis, N. F. Jones, and S. E. Smith. 1976. Salivary phenytoin concentrations in epilepsy and in chronic renal failure. Lancet ii: 384386. Rolinski, B., U. Wintergerst, A. Matuschke, H. Fuessl, F. D. Goebel, A. A. Roscher, and B. H. Belohradsky. 1991. Evaluation of saliva as a specimen for monitoring zidovudine therapy in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 5: 885888. Stein, D. S., D. G. Fish, J. A. Billelo, S. L. Preston, G. L. Martineau, and G. L. Drusano. 1996. A 24 week open-label phase I II evaluation of the HIV protease inhibitor MK-639 indinavir ; . AIDS 10: 485492. Yeh, K. C., P. J. Deutsch, H. Haddix, M. Hesney, V. Hoagland, W. D. Ju, S. J. Justice, B. Osborne, A. T. Sterret, J. A. Stone, E. Woolf, and S. Waldman. 1998. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of indinavir and the effect of food. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 332338. Sulfa drugs, acyclovir, and indinavir cause arf by tubular obstruction due to crystal formation in the tubular urine and infliximab. The result is that indinavir increases plasma concentration of drugs metabolized by cyp3a4 to a greater extent than saquinavir and also plasma levels of indinavir are reduced to a lesser extent by enzyme inducers such as rifamycins when compared with their effect on saquinavir. Business Day": a day other than a Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in New York, New York are authorized or required by law to close; provided, however, that when used in connection with a rate determination, borrowing or payment in respect of a Eurodollar Loan or an Index Rate Bid Loan, the term "Business Day" shall also exclude any day on which commercial banks are not open for dealings in Dollar deposits in the London interbank market. "Category A Period": subject to the Category Rules, at any time that either i ; the S&P Credit Rating is A or better and the Short-Term Ratings are Tier I or ii ; the Moody's Credit Rating is A2 or better and the Short-Term Ratings are Tier I. "Category B Period": subject to the Category Rules, at any time that either i ; the S&P Credit Rating is A- or better or ii ; the Moody's Credit Rating is A3 or better and in either case a Category A Period is not then in effect. "Category C Period": subject to the Category Rules, at any time that either i ; the S&P Credit Rating is BBB + or ii ; the Moody's Credit Rating is Baa1. "Category D Period": subject to the Category Rules, at any time that either i ; the S&P Credit Rating is BBB or lower or ii ; the Moody's Credit Rating is Baa2 or lower. "Category Rules": the Rating Period applicable at any time shall be: a ; except as provided in clause b ; , c ; and d ; below, the highest Rating Period for which the Company meets either of the criteria set forth for such Rating Period, b ; except as provided in clauses c ; and d ; below, if the Credit Ratings differ by two or more Rating Period levels, the Rating Period which is one Rating Period above the Rating Period in which the lower Credit Ratings falls, c ; if one of the Credit Ratings falls in a Category D Period and the other Credit Rating falls in a higher Rating Period, a Category D Period and d ; if either S&P or Moody's fails to have outstanding at the time a Credit Rating due to the failure by the Company to provide requested information to, or otherwise to fully cooperate with, such rating agency in establishing a Credit Rating, a Category D Period. If the rating system of Moody's, S&P and or Fitch shall change, or if either such rating agency shall cease to be in the business of rating corporate debt obligations, or if both Moody's and S&P shall fail to have outstanding a Credit Rating other than by reason of the circumstances referred to in clause d ; of the preceding sentence ; , the Company and the Lenders shall negotiate in good faith to amend this definition to reflect such changed rating system or the unavailability of ratings from such rating agency and, pending the effectiveness of any such amendment, the applicable Rating Period shall be determined by reference to the ratings most recently in effect prior to such change or cessation. "C D Assessment Rate": for any day, the net annual assessment rate rounded upward to the nearest 1 100th of 1% ; determined by Chase to be payable on such day to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any successor "FDIC" ; for FDIC's insuring time deposits made in Dollars at offices of Chase in the United States. "C D Reserve Percentage": for any day that percentage expressed as a decimal ; which is in effect on such day, as prescribed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any successor ; , for determining the maximum reserve requirement for a member bank of the Federal Reserve System in New York City with deposits exceeding one billion Dollars in respect of new non-personal time deposits in Dollars in New York City having a three month maturity and in an amount of 0, 000 or more. "Chase": The Chase Manhattan Bank. "Code": time. "Commitment": as to any Lender, the obligation of such Lender to make Committed Rate Loans to the Company hereunder in an aggregate principal amount at any one time outstanding not to exceed the amount set forth opposite such Lender's name on Schedule I hereof, as such amount may from time to time be reduced in accordance with this Agreement; collectively, as to all the Lenders, the "Commitments". "Commitment Percentage": as to any Lender at any time, the percentage which such Lender's Commitment then constitutes of the Aggregate Commitments or x ; at any time after the Termination Date, y ; at any time after the Commitments shall have expired or terminated and z ; for the purposes of declaring the Loans to be due and payable pursuant to Section 6, the percentage which the aggregate principal amount of such Lender's Loans then outstanding constitutes of the aggregate principal amount of the Loans then outstanding ; . "Commitment Period": the period from and including the Effective Date to but not including the Termination Date or such earlier date on which the Commitments shall terminate as provided herein. the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to and intal.
Figure 3. Effect of indinavir on the association of eIF4G with eIF4E in skeletal muscle. Indinavir was infused IV for 4 h and then a maximally-stimulating dose of IV insulin was injected 20 min prior to tissue sampling. Top panel; eIF4E was immunoprecipitated IP ; and the amount of eIF4G bound to eIF4E assessed by immunoblotting IB middle panel; representative Western blot of total eIF4E; bar graph; densitometric analysis of immunoblots of eIF4G associated with eIF4E, where the value from control rats infused with saline Sal ; was set at 1.0 AU. Values are means SEM; n 7-8 per group. Means with different letters are statistically different from each other P 0.05 ; . 26. Table 2. HIV-1 RNA plasma viral loads VL ; and CD4 cell counts at baseline and after 8, 24 and 48 weeks of treatment with 600 100 mg indinavir ritonavir twice daily 600 100 mg IDV RTV Baseline n VL copies mL Number of players with: VL 400 copies mL VL 50 copies mL CD4 cells mm3 13 10715 724 000 ; 0 13 0% ; 0 166 52 268 ; week 8 11 50 ; 100% ; 4 11 36% ; week 24 10 50 ; 100% ; 7 10 70% ; 336 101 595 ; week 48 7 50 ; 71% ; 321 178 586 and invirase. Indinavir is a drug used as part of antiretroviral therapy art. Mode of action of antiviral drugs. Four NRTIs and Indinavir were and iressa.
Protease inhibitors eg, indinavir ; carbamazepine levels may be elevated, while protease inhibitor levels may be decreased, resulting in antiretroviral treatment failure.

Indinavir tablet

For lamivudine. Indinavir concentrations in plasma were quantitated by highperformance liquid chromatography 13 ; . The lower limit of quantitation was 0.02 mg liter, with a CV of 10% at all concentrations. Interday and intraday CVs were less than 7 and 5%, respectively, for each of the three quality control samples. Pharmacokinetic parameters for zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir were calculated for all subjects at week 2 and week 28. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption, an absorption lag phase, and first-order elimination was fit to the concentration-time data using maximum a posteriori probability-Bayesian estimation ADAPT II, version 4.0 ; 9 ; . A proportional variance model was used to describe the error associated with the concentration-time data. The nominal values and the variances of the population parameters used in the Bayesian estimator were taken from published work with zidovudine and indinavir and literature sources for lamivudine 1, 2, 30 ; . Model construction was guided by Akaike's information criterion and visual inspection of actual versus fitted concentrations 34 ; . For only those patients randomized to concentration-controlled therapy, these parameters were used to calculate initial individualized doses, which were implemented at study week 4. Pharmacokinetic parameters were reevaluated every 4 weeks, incorporating the most-recent plasma concentration information, and further dose adjustments were made for the concentrationcontrolled recipients if necessary. The zidovudine dose in milligrams day ; was calculated according to the formula dose CL F ; 0.19 mg liter ; 24 h ; , where CL F is the individual patient's estimate of oral clearance in liters per hour and 0.19 mg liter is the targeted concentration. Calculated doses were rounded to the nearest 100 mg, and an attempt was made to keep administration to three times a day e.g., if a patient required 800 mg day, the daily regimen would be 300 mg in the morning, 200 mg in the afternoon, and 300 mg in the evening ; . Twice-daily dosing of zidovudine was not used in the concentration-controlled regimens. Commercially available 100-mg zidovudine capsules Glaxo Wellcome ; were used. The daily dose of lamivudine in milligrams day ; was calculated in a similar fashion: dose CL F ; 0.44 mg liter ; 24 h ; . Doses were adjusted to the nearest 75 mg; lamivudine dosing intervals were either twice or three times daily. Commercially available 150-mg lamivudine tablets Glaxo Wellcome ; were used. Dose adjustment for indinavir was based on the following rearrangement of an equation for steady-state Cmin: 0.15 mg liter ; V ; ka ka and irinotecan.

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Treated with saquinavir and indinavir for 24 h. The data presented in Fig. 1 show that saquinavir inhibited LPL activity in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition was 10% with 5 g ml saquinavir P 01 ; , and 33 and 81% P 001 ; with 10 and 20 g ml respectively. Plasma concentrations of saquinavir have been reported to be as high as 7 g during treatment van Heeswijk et al. 2000 ; . Indinavir caused no inhibition at 5 and 10 g ml, but inhibited LPL activity by 17% P 01 ; at 20 ml. The time-course of LPL inhibition by saquinavir is also shown in Fig. 1. At a concentration of 20 g ml, the drug inhibited 43% P 001 ; of the LPL activity within 2 h of treatment. At 6 h, the inhibition was 72% P 001 ; and there was no further decrease in activity at 20 h. Saquinavir did not inhibit LPL activity when added directly to the assay data not shown ; . To determine whether the inhibition of LPL activity could be reversed, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 20 g ml saquinavir for 18 h and the cells were washed and incubated further in the absence of the drug. The data presented in Fig. 2 show that the LPL activity was inhibited by 75% as a result of incubation with saquinavir. After removal of the drug, the LPL activity remained low for 6 h and after 24 h 70% of the original activity was restored. Northern blot analysis was carried out to determine if the expression of LPL mRNA was affected by saquinavir. The data shown in Fig. 3 indicate that saquinavir treatment did not inhibit the expression of LPL mRNA even though there was a large decrease in LPL activity. Western blot analysis of the heparin-releasable fraction demonstrated that there was no change in LPL protein although the inhibition of enzyme activity was more than 75% Fig. 3 and isdn.

Lar risk factor, in that each component of the cluster of abnormalities is a risk factor in its own right. Introduced as Syndrome X by Reaven in 1988 and also termed insulin resistance syndrome, metabolic syndrome is recognized clinically by the findings of abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, atherogenic dyslipidemia i.e. low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C ; , elevated blood pressure, high blood glucose and or insulin resistance. The goal of our research was to investigate intensity of "complete metabolic syndrome"- abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, high blood glucose and or insulin resistance ; in patients with different degrees of obesity. In our study 570 patients have been involved. The patients were divided into 3 groups: I group 123 patients with first degree of obesity body mass index BMI 30-34, 9 kg m2 ; , II group 189 patients with II degree of obesity BMI 35-39, 9 kg m2 ; , III group -258 patients with III degree of obesity BMI 40 kg m2 ; Results of carried out investigations have shown that the complete picture of metabolic syndrome was present in 132 23, 16% ; patients and should note, that according to the increasing of obesity degrees also increases the intensity of metabolic syndrome. Key words: metabolic syndrome, obesity, body mass index ., .., .. IV . , ; . 24%. , ; . ATPIII 23, 16% . I 18- 14, 63% ; , II III 39- 20, 63% ; 75- 29, 07 and indinavir.

Indinavir half life

Abacavir lamivudine zidovudine co-formulated ; CII ; . Abacavir lamivudine zidovudine is the only triple-NRTI combination for which randomized, controlled trials are available. Abacavir lamivudine zidovudine demonstrated comparable antiretroviral activity to indinavir [123, 124] and nelfinavir [140] but was inferior virologically to an efavirenz-based regimen [89]. Zidovudine lamivudine + tenofovir DII ; : The DART study demonstrated virologic responses in patients taking zidovudine lamivudine + tenofovir [141]; however, comparative data with standard regimens are not available and isradipine. Endocrine function, and second, examine the nature of the endocrine which accompany the photoperiodic of sexual indicate is to tion. Less bioavailable than the capsules, so the doses are not equivalent. Although absorption is affected by food, amprenavir can be taken with or without food. The volume of distribution is large, but amprenavir does not greatly penetrate the blood brain barrier. Concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid are less than 1% of the plasma concentration. Amprenavir is eliminated by hepatic metabolism and has a half-life of 7-11 hours. The metabolism of amprenavir involves cytochrome CYP3A4. It therefore has many potential interactions including those with other drugs used to treat HIV. Patients taking amprenavir should not be given drugs such as midazolam, triazolam, ergot derivatives and rifampicin. Clinical trials show that adding amprenavir to a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine in previously untreated patients is more efficacious than the combination alone. Almost 60% of patients will have concentrations of viral RNA less than 400 copies mL after 16 weeks of treatment. An open label extension of this study resulted in 43% of the patients being at or below the target concentration after 48 weeks.1 In patients who have previously had treatment, but not with a protease inhibitor, 30% will have less than 400 copies mL after 48 weeks. If amprenavir is given to patients who have already been treated with a protease inhibitor, 34% will have less than 200 copies mL after 24 weeks of taking the dual protease inhibitor regimen. The response rate is reduced if the patients have previously taken a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Adverse effects are common and include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Some patients will develop rashes. These usually resolve spontaneously, but the Stevens-Johnstone syndrome has been reported. Other uncommon adverse effects include lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes mellitus. The capsule formulation contains vitamin E, so patients are advised not to take supplements of vitamin E. The oral solution is not suitable for young children and pregnant women because it contains the potentially toxic propylene glycol. This formulation is also contraindicated in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. In patients who have not previously had a protease inhibitor as part of their treatment, indinavir may be better tolerated and have greater efficacy than amprenavir. However, it is only approved for patients who have previously been treated with a protease inhibitor. HIV can become resistant to protease inhibitors, however the profile of resistance to amprenavir differs from that of other protease inhibitors. It may therefore have a role in `salvage therapy' when resistance to other protease inhibitors has developed and ivermectin. Phylaxis for other opportunistic infections was permitted, although the use of rifabutin was prohibited. Patients who had verified AIDS-defining events were offered open-label indinavir therapy with the approval of the study chairs and without having their initial treatment assignments revealed. All potential AIDS-defining events were reviewed in a blinded fashion by the study chair; only those that met the criteria defined in the study protocol were included in the analysis. Monitoring and Enrollment The patients were followed at weeks 4, 8, and 16 and every eight weeks thereafter with a clinical assessment and routine laboratory monitoring. CD4 cell counts were determined twice at base line and at weeks 4, 8, 24, and 40. Enrollment began in January 1996. The study was reviewed twice by a data and safety monitoring board. At the second such review, on February 18, 1997, the comparison of the groups based on data on the patients randomized by January 27, 1997, showed a significant difference between groups that met the prespecified guideline for stopping the study.28 At that time, the board recommended that the accrual of patients be terminated and the study closed. Plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations were determined retrospectively in appropriately stored specimens from 190 randomly selected patients. These concentrations were measured twice at base line and at weeks 4, 8, 24, and 40 Roche Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor assay ; .29 Statistical Analysis The times to events were compared between treatment groups by KaplanMeier estimates, log-rank tests, and proportional-hazards models stratified according to the CD4 cell count obtained at the time of screening 50 or fewer vs. 51 to 200 cells per cubic millimeter ; .30 Changes in CD4 cell counts over time were compared in a mixed-effects regression model.31 An analysis of covariance adjusted for the screening CD4 cell count and the AIDS Clinical Trials Unit was used to compare changes in the CD4 cell count and the HIV-1 RNA concentration at each measurement.32 With regard to changes in HIV-1 RNA, this calculation used a regression for censored data: concentrations below the limit of quantification, 500 copies per milliliter, were censored.33 Analyses of all the variables pertaining to efficacy were performed on an intention-to-treat basis that included data on all patients randomized and all available follow-up data including that obtained after the discontinuation of the study treatment ; . In the analyses of adverse events, the treatments were compared by a chi-square test; the follow-up data were censored either when a patient began receiving open-label indinavir or 56 days after the permanent discontinuation of the study treatment, whichever came first, and were restricted to patients for whom the study treatment was dispensed. All reported P values are two-sided. P values, estimates of differences between treatments, and 95 percent confidence intervals are unadjusted for the repeated interim analyses and infliximab.

Indinavir should not be taken with the following: cisapride propulsid ; , triazolam halcion ; , midazolam versed ; , ergot derivatives wigraine and cafergot ; and the lipid-lowering drugs simvastatin zocor ; and lovastatin mevacor and kaletra. 1 Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield TL, Chiesi A, Miller V, Gargalianos P, et al. Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. EuroSIDA Study Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 1725-30. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853-60. Egger M, Hirschel B, Francioli P, Sudre P, Wirz M, Flepp M, et al. Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study. Swiss HIV cohort study. BMJ 1997; 315: 1194-9. Staszewski S, Morales-Ramirez J, Tashima KT, Rachlis A, Skiest D, Stanford J, et al. Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. Study 006 Team. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1865-73. Walmsley S, Bernstein B, King M, Arribas J, Beall G, Ruane P, et al. Lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir for the initial treatment of HIV infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2039-46. Fellay J, Boubaker K, Ledergerber B, Bernasconi E, Furrer H, Battegay M, et al. Prevalence of adverse events associated with potent antiretroviral treatment: Swiss HIV cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1322-7. Trotta MP, Ammassari A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Zaccarelli M, Castelli F, Narciso P, et al. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy is better in patients receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorcontaining regimens than in those receiving protease inhibitorcontaining regimens. AIDS 2003; 17: 1099-102. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level and CD4 count as prognostic markers and surrogate end points: a meta-analysis. HIV Surrogate Marker Collaborative Group. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16: 1123-33. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Holbrook A, McAlister FA. Users' guides to the medical literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results. A. How to use an article measuring the effect of an intervention on surrogate end points. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1999; 282: 771-8. Lefebvre C, Clarke M. Identifying randomised trials. In: Egger M, Smith G, Altman D, eds. Systematic reviews in health care: meta-analysis in context, 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books, 2001: 69-86. 11 Dybul M, Fauci AS, Bartlett JG, Kaplan JE, Pau AK. Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 381-433. Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Carpenter CC, Cooper DA, Fischl MA, Gatell JM, et al. Antiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002: updated.

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