Clearly, vast sectors would thus come within the competence of both institutions. In order to avoid duplication, it would therefore be desirable, without setting aside certain fields exclusively for one institution, to define the themes of action of the proposed institution with a view to making them complementary to the programme fields and forms of action of the United Nations University. At the same time, care must be taken to avoid any duplication of work with Unesco, whose mission, as defined by its Constitution, involves numerous programme activities concerning peace and education for international understanding, co-operation and peace, human rights, the transfer of science and technology, natural resources and communication. The same applies to other institutions of the United Nations system. c ; Resolution 33 109 specifies that the Government of Costa Rica has not only offered preliminary plans and designs for the proposed University for Peace and the headquarters and land for the campus of that institution but has also made every effort to finance it outside the United Nations and the United Nations University so that it will not constitute a financial burden for either the Organization or the Member States. On the other hand, paragraph 14 of document 107 EX INF. 3 refers to aid to be provided by various countries to the University, assistance which would be sought by s Costa Rica itself. This means that the establishment' operating costs would have to be met, at least in part, by aid from countries and from international organizations in the years to come. The search for resources is a very important point. The United Nations University has come up against serious difficulties in finding the necessary funds for its operation, which is to a considerable extent ensured by the generosity of the host country. Any diverting of the necessary material, human and intellectual resources from the United Nations University to the institution proposed by Costa Rica should be avoided, as should its development as an undertaking in competition with the United Nations University. d ; The establishment proposed by Costa Rica provides for a campus and post-graduate courses at the headquarters. It should be noted that this formula was not adopted during exchanges of views prior to the founding of the United Nations University. It is perhaps worth while investigating whether these arguments are still valid for the proposed institution. Nicantly lowered to 29% in GnRH agonist-treated monkeys Ataya et al., 1995a ; . However, unlike the protective effect showed for chemotherapy, following radiation the follicle counts were not preserved in GnRH agonist-treated monkeys Ataya et al., 1995b ; . A clinical prospective evaluation of GnRH agonist administration during combination chemotherapy for malignant and nonmalignant conditions 62 patients and 50 controls aged 1540 years ; have shown a protective effect of GnRH agonist. While only one patient of the GnRH agonist and chemotherapy group experienced ovarian failure, 50% of the chemotherapy only group resumed regular cyclic activity Blumenfeld, 2001 ; . The effects of GnRH agonist in patients undergoing cytotoxic treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus was recently assessed. In eight women receiving GnRH agonist in parallel to alkylating agent chemotherapy cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil ; none suffered premature ovarian failure, while ve of nine patients treated with alkylating agents alone experienced premature ovarian failure Blumenfeld et al., 2000 ; . However, as previously presented with high dose ablative chemotherapy in conjunction with BMT, ovarian failure is almost invariably induced, irrespective of the suppression of endogenous hormone secretion given during the therapy Meirow, 1999 ; . Thus, some studies suggest a protective effect with the addition of a GnRH agonist to chemotherapy regimens while other studies do not support such an effect. Also, the mechanism of such a protective effect remains unknown. The primordial follicle population constitutes the vast majority of the follicles in the human ovary, but these are not under the inuence of gonadotrophins. More basic studies are needed to understand the mechanism of primordial follicles destruction and how inhibiting the pituitarygonadal axis may protect the ovaries from damage. Also, more clinical studies are needed in order to elucidate the indications and effectiveness of such treatment. agents. A number of studies have examined the ovarian histology following chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. The commonest observation is ovarian atrophy and a reduced follicle store Himelstein-Braw et al., 1978; Chapman et al., 1979; Marcello et al., 1990; Familiari et al., 1993 ; . These studies of human ovarian biopsies did not provide information about the acute mechanism of injury. In recent years, the mechanism of radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced damage is extensively investigated. In order to visualize and study the direct mechanism of chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage and primordial follicles injury, healthy human cortical ovarian slices were exposed in vitro to therapeutic doses of cisplatin Meirow et al., 1998 ; . Histology and immunohistochemical staining showed that chemotherapy induced pregranulosa cell swelling, marked pregranulosa cell nuclear swelling and primordial follicles architecture disruption with disappearance of the lumen and its oocyte. Positive apoptotic staining was obtained in the pregranulosa cells exposed to chemotherapy but not in controls Figure 5 ; . Therefore, in the human ovary cisplatin acts primarily on the pregranulosa cells inducing apoptotic changes, and the cells exhibit marked swelling. Familiari et al. examined ovarian follicles by electron microscopy following exposure to chemotherapy Familiari et al., 1993 ; . Results have shown that follicular cells were enlarged containing cytoplasmic elements and the nuclei within the pregranulosa cells were also enlarged. Also the primordial follicles population was often surrounded by an abnormally thick basal lamina. Recent studies have initiated mapping the apoptosis signalling pathway underlying germ cell destruction by chemotherapy, and identifying key genes and proteins as potential inhibitors to block the path of primordial follicles destruction. A study by Perez et al. has shown that in mice the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin induces apoptosis in the primordial follicles and the rst steps of apoptosis occur in the pregranulosa cells. The protein p53 was not required for drug-induced oocyte destruction; however, members of the caspase gene family were required for oocyte death Perez et al., 1997 ; . The pathways of K + ; regulation showed that potassium efux during ovarian cell death appears early in oocytes and granulosa cells and may regulate a number of.

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Effect of the partial enzyme activity of the Stop373C mutant protein. The nonclassic presentation of the patient was evident by normal genitalia, premature sexual hair growth and mild growth acceleration between the ages of 57 yr, normal PRA and aldosterone levels, low normal cortisol secretion, and only mildly elevated basal 5-17P level. It is of interest that the in vitro Stop373C enzyme exhibited a similar degree and chlorzoxazone.

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